Definition and Examples of Distinctio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Distinctio in Rhetoric Distinctio is aâ rhetorical term for unequivocal references to the different implications of a wordusually to expel ambiguities. As Brendan McGuigan calls attention to in Rhetorical Devices (2007), Distinctio permits you to tell your peruser precisely what you intend to state. This kind of explanation can be the contrast between your sentence being comprehended or being interpreted as meaning something totally unique in relation to what you planned. Models and Observations: It relies on what the importance of the word is. In the event that is implies is and never has been, that is a certain something. On the off chance that it implies there is none, that was a totally evident statement.(President Bill Clinton, Grand Jury declaration, 1998)Love: [I]t would be an extended period of time before I would come to comprehend the specific lesson of the story.It would be a drawn-out period of time on the grounds that, just, I was infatuated with New York. I don't mean love in any conversational manner, I imply that I was enamored with the city, the manner in which you love the primary individual who ever contacts you and never love anybody very that equivalent way again.(Joan Didion, Goodbye to All That. Slumping Towards Bethlehem, 1968)Envy: Don Cognasso will reveal to you that this instruction forbids begrudge, which is positively a revolting thing. In any case, theres terrible jealousy, which is the point at which your companion has a bike and you dont, a nd you trust he separates his neck going a slope, and theres great jealousy, which is the point at which you need a bicycle like his and work your butt off to have the option to get one, and its great jealousy that makes life as we know it possible. And afterward theres another jealousy, which is equity begrudge, which is the point at which you cannot perceive any explanation that a couple of individuals have everything and others are biting the dust of appetite. Furthermore, on the off chance that you feel this fine kind of jealousy, which is communist jealousy, you get going attempting to make a world where wealth are better conveyed.  (Umberto Eco, The Gorge. The New Yorker, 7 March 2005) Battlefields: A huge extent of the prisoners held at Guantanamo were gotten a long way from anything remotely taking after a front line. Captured in urban areas everywhere throughout the world, they must be considered warriors on the off chance that one acknowledges the Bush Administrations guarantee of a strict war on psychological oppression. . . . An audit of these cases shows that the capturing officials are police, not fighters, and that the spots of capture incorporate private homes, air terminals and police stationsnot battlefields. (Joanne Mariner, It All Depends on What You Mean by Battlefield. FindLaw, July 18, 2006)Sound: Does a tree falling in the woods make a sound when nobody is around to hear it?...Whether a surreptitiously falling tree makes a sound, at that point, relies upon what you mean by sound. On the off chance that you mean heard commotion, at that point (squirrels and winged creatures aside) the tree falls quietly. On the off chance that, conversely, yo u mean something like particular circular example of effect waves noticeable all around, at that point, truly, the trees falling makes a sound. . . .  (John Heil, Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction, second ed. Routledge, 2004) Distinctio in Medieval Theology Qualification (distinctio) was an abstract and explanatory instrument in academic religious philosophy that supported a scholar in his three essential assignments of addressing, questioning, and lecturing. In old style talk a qualification alluded to a segment or unit of a book, and this was the most widely recognized use in medieval religious philosophy too. . . .Different types of qualification were endeavors to analyze the multifaceted nature of specific ideas or terms. The well known differentiations between credere in Deum, credere Deum, and credere Deo mirror the educational want to look at completely the importance of Christian conviction. The penchant to present differentiations at pretty much every phase of contention left medieval scholars open to the charge that they were frequently separated from reality since they settled philosophical issues (counting peaceful issues) in conceptual terms. An increasingly serious evaluate was that utilizing a qualification expected that the scholar previously had all the information fundamental readily available. New data was not expected to determine another issue; rather, the qualification clearly gave a scholar a strategy for just rearranging the acknowledged custom in another consistent manner.​ (James R. Ginther, The Westminster Handbook to Medieval Theology. Westminster John Knox Press, 2009) Elocution: dis-TINK-tee-o Historical background From the Latin, recognizing, differentiation, contrast

English-German Food and Drink Glossary

English-German Food and Drink Glossary An Annotated Glossary forDining, Food and DrinkWith Eating Phrasebook KEY: Thing genders: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), s (das, neu.)Plural structure/endingâ in parentheses:â e Vorspeiseâ (- n) appetizer(s)Abbreviations: adj (adjective), adv (adverb), n (noun), pl (plural), v (verb) An A alcoholâ r Alkoholalcoholic, containing alcoholâ adjâ alkoholischnon-alcoholicâ adjâ alkoholfrei almondâ e Mandelâ (- n) appetizerâ e Vorspeiseâ (- n) appleâ r Apfelâ (ã„pfel) apple cakeâ r Apfelkuchenapple ciderâ r Apfelsaft(hard) apple ciderâ r Apfelmostapple spritzerâ e Apfelsaftschorleâ (apple juice or juice blended in with shining mineral water; the standard Schorle found in southwest Germany is made with wine)applesauceâ r Apfelmusapple strudelâ r Apfelstrudelapple turnover, apple pieâ e Apfeltascheapple wineâ r ApfelweinCalled Ebbelwei or Eppelwoi in the nearby tongue, this matured juice drink is a claim to fame of the Frankfurt am Main zone. apricotâ e Aprikoseâ (- n)apricotâ e Marilleâ (- n)â in Austria, Bavaria artichokeâ e Artischockeâ (- n) asparagusâ r Spargelâ (- )asparagus soupâ e Spargelsuppeâ (- n) aubergine, eggplantâ e Aubergine B baconâ r Speckbacon and eggs Eier mit Speck heat, roastâ vâ backen,â bratenbaked, roastedâ adjâ gebacken,â gebratenbaked apples Bratpfel plbaked potatoâ e Folienkartoffel,â gebackene Pellkartoffelfried sausageâ e Bratwurstroasted chickenâ s Backhendelbaking pop, preparing powderâ s Backpulver bananaâ e Bananeâ (- n) bar, pubâ e Barâ (- s),â e Kneipeâ (- n) grill, BBQ (cooking)â nâ s Grillenbarbecue, BBQ (get-together)â nâ s Grillfest,â e Grillpartybarbecue, BBQ (meat)â nâ s Grillfleischbarbecue, BBQ v grillen, am Spiess bratenbarbecue grillâ nâ r Grill basil (seasoning)â s Basilikum beanâ e Bohneâ (- n)green beansâ grã ¼ne Bohnenkidney beansâ rote Bohnenstring beansâ weiãÿe Bohnenbean espresso, genuine coffeeâ r Bohnenkaffee beefâ s Rindfleischbeef Rind-hamburger (in mixes) beerâ s Bierâ (- e)bottled beerâ s Flaschenbier(a) dim beerâ ein Dunklesdraft/draft beerâ s Fassbier,â s Bier vom Fass(a) ale/light beerâ ein Helleswheat beerâ s Weizenbier bill, checkâ e Rechnungâ (- en)Check, please! Zahlen, bitte! bittersâ r Magenbitter blackberryâ e Brombeereâ (- n) Dark Forest cherry cakeâ e Schwarzwlderkirschtorteâ (made with Kirschwasser) blueberryâ e Blaubeereâ (- n) bock beerâ s Bockbier bockwurst (sausage)â e Bockwurst boilâ vâ kochenboiledâ adjâ gekochta delicate bubbled eggâ ein weich gekochtes Eiboiled (adj.)â blauâ (in salt and vinegar, typically fish) bottleâ e Flascheâ (- n)a container of wineâ eine Flasche Weinbottled waterâ s Mineralwasser,â s Wasser aus der Flasche bouillon, brothâ e (klare) Fleischbrã ¼he,â e Bouillonbouillon cubeâ r Brã ¼hwã ¼rfel bowlâ e Schaleâ (- n),â e Schã ¼sselâ (- ) brandyâ r Weinbrand,â r Brandy breadâ s Brotâ (- e)There are more than 200 sorts of German breadbread rollâ s Brã ¶tchenâ (- ), e Semmelâ (- n) breaded veal cutletâ s Wiener Schnitzelâ (- ) breakfastâ s Frã ¼hstã ¼ckeat/have breakfastâ frã ¼hstã ¼cken broccoli Brokkoli pl broilâ vâ grillen butterâ e Butter

Effective leaders_WK4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Powerful leaders_WK4 - Research Paper Example Besides, given that lion's share of transportation framework speculations are governmentally financed despite the fact that privately actualized, such a piecemeal technique ends compels smooth osmosis of nearby and state approaches with those of the central government. This at that point ruins the President and transportation secretary to offer cooperative energies across ventures. Moreover, the current government NextGen transportation approaches, are controlled by the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act (SAFETEA-LU), which doesn't assist the President with dealing with the use of monetary investigation for the transportation dynamic (Weiner, 2013). Given that the transportation program doesn't have a more prominent normalization or clarity, the President can't have the option to think of an official level alteration without meaningful enactment. Najeeb Halaby is a case of a viable pioneer in open organization, since in 1965 as head of the free Federal Aviation Agency; he proposed the formation of Department of Transportation (2013). He considered this to be a methods for making sure about conclusively the US transportation strategy extension. Because of his endeavors, the organization has done enormous occupation throughout the years by being a piece of the official divisions which incorporated other organization transportation programs. Besides, Samuel K. Skinner, a previous transportation secretary delegated by President Bush senior, started the arrangement of the National Transportation Policy, just as the expansion of the division obligation in emergency the board response. Thus, the treatment of resulting regular and human actuated fiascos, for example, Lockerbie plane bombings in 1988 and Exxon Valdez oil slick in 1989 were made simpler by his arrangements of keeping up and building up the national transportation framework, and to guarantee that it

Health and Safety Legislation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wellbeing and Safety Legislation - Assignment Example The primary concern of the guideline activities is that security is significant, and the decrease of mishaps is expected to make working conditions great. Key drivers in wellbeing and security guideline in Britain can be seen from two points of view. That is from the business point of view and the controllers viewpoint. It must be noted previously that the directing expert accountable for overseeing wellbeing and security guideline in the Great Britain is the wellbeing and security official. The job of this association is to connect all partners in advancing protected and solid work place situations in Britain. In this manner in examining the key drivers from the controllers point of view, much consideration will be centered around the strategies and activities taken by wellbeing and security official and its capacities. From the point of view of the organizations, the principle key drivers to guideline of wellbeing and security are social obligation, notoriety, sway on income and the capacity of such organizations to follow the guideline. Every one of these drivers is of huge impact to the capacity and level of consistence to the guidelines that worry wellbeing and security at work. Thinking about social obligation as a driver, the contention, for this situation, is that the business owes a degree of duty to the individuals and network inside which it is built up. Along these lines, it is the obligation of the business to give a sheltered domain both inside and without the firm. The people group, for this situation, doesn't mean only the encompassing yet even the individuals from the association. This point of view is like the idea of corporate social duty. In corporate social duty, the organizations moral commitment is to offer back to the general public that it owes its reality to. The purpose of disparity of the two cases is that recipient of the great motion from the business. Social obligation can likewise be

HIgh frequency oscilatory ventilation in adults Research Paper

HIgh recurrence oscilatory ventilation in grown-ups - Research Paper Example From that time people have discovered that as much as mechanical ventilation is continually lifesaving additionally it tends to be damaging, especially in patients who experience the ill effects of ARDS (intense respiratory trouble condition). ARDS may likewise prompt stubborn hypoxemia that can generally trigger endeavoring ventilation techniques that are nonconventional like utilization of inclined situating, nitric oxide or enlistment moves. HFOV (high recurrence oscillatory ventilation) has risen to be a salvage methodology for ARDS grown-ups. To add to that, as it harms the lung is close to ventilation traditional modes it can likewise be ideally fit to apply right off the bat in intense respiratory misery disorder. High recurrence oscillatory ventilation fits in the scope of high recurrence methods of ventilation whose primary idea is breaths conveyance at low volumes of tides and elevated recurrence methods of ventilation which are consistently underneath the life systems dead space. The high recurrence mode is commonly isolated into the ones in which expiratory stage is inactive and the ones in which there is a functioning termination. Instances of apparatuses utilizing aloof termination are sure weight ventilation and fly ventilation of high recurrence (Miller, pp.1446) During HFOV high aviation route and exact moment volumes pressure are utilized to forestall wounds structure over widening and reiteration reviving and breakdown of the atelectrauma (lung). This takes into consideration advancement of trade of gas and potentially decreases iatrogenic harm. Sway preliminary is a fluctuated Center RCT where the develop people with serious ARDS were unpredictably appended to HFOV or to convectional methodology: high weights were utilized for the two gatherings to keep lung enrollment at its most extreme. The fundamental outcome was the in emergency clinic demise rate from any source. The oscillatory was brought to a stop after 500 and forty eight out of the arranged one thousand 200 patients had gone through randomization as the utilization of HFOV

Flora and Ulysses by Kate DiCamillo Book Review

10 Best WordPress eCommerce Plugins (Free Paid Site Fixes)

10 Best WordPress eCommerce Plugins (Free Paid Site Fixes) .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on March 15, 2020For me, WooCommerce is currently the best of the WordPress eCommerce plugins. I have a surprise for you, though, and you’re gonna need to check out my mini-review below.But first, I need to give you a little father-to-offspring talk about such plugins. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Please do your research about exactly what it is you need from your website. If someone’s railroaded you into deciding you need an inventory management system, something to manage your members and be handle to take donations, don’t just take their word for it and buy an all-in-one. There are many options you should look at.Yes, eCommerce solutions are essential for optimizing your business, but this guide will take you through exactly what each of these plugins can do. At the end, I have a handy list which tells you exactly what each is the best at.My aim is for you to come away with further education into the world of eCommerce plugins, as well as an understanding of what it is you need.You might also like: Best WordPress hosting Table of Contents What are the best WordPress eCommerce plugins?1. WooCommerce with an Astra-themed twist! (best free WordPress eCommerce plugin)2. BigCommerce (best WordPress eCommerce plugin for bigger businesses)3. Easy Digital Downloads (best wp eCommerce plugin for digital product sales)4. Ecwid (best eCommerce plugin for WordPress ease of use)5. JigoShop6. WP eCommerce7. MarketPress8. MemberPress9. WP EasyCart and Cart66 WordPress eCommerce plugins10. VeeqoBest eCommerce plugin for WordPress: key takeawaysFAQs on WP eCommerce plugins Is a WordPress site good for eCommerce? What is an eCommerce plugin? Are there any free WordPress eCommerce plugins What are the best WordPress eCommerc e plugins?From the engagement I’ve seen, not only is that because you can get started with WooCommerce for free but also because of how you can level-up WooCommerce’s power with the popular Astra theme.Astra is an often updated, tried and tested theme for SEO and speed, and it is to WooCommerce what bread is to butter, take a look for yourself.If only I could eat an eCommerce website…They mainly work so well together because they’re both so lightweight. PLUS, you don’t need to be tech-savvy to get your store up and running and products selling either. If you’re looking for a plug-and-play style of eCommerce website, they should both suit your needs. The basis of WooCommerce is heavily built upon the power of WordPress, allowing you the open freedom that WordPress has to offer, but with the eCommerce that Woo has to give. I’m talking:Full customizationAdaptability with other pluginsExtensive sales options, from physical products to digital downloads and subsUnlimited product and order capabilityEven though WooCommerce is one of the most popular eCommerce plugins, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s going to suit you. Otherwise, other eCommerce plugins wouldn’t exist. Yet, when you power WooCommerce with Astra, you can drill down even further into the customization.Don’t want your shopping cart to look like the regular Woo styles everyone is using? Astra it.Don’t like the commonly used product image format? Astra it.Even if you won’t want the customization that a WordPress WooCommerce store running on the Astra theme provides, the starter templates are an ideal solution.And, I think that’s where some of you might fall down here. Since they’re both high-quality products vs others in their own markets, when you combine the two, in comparison to other options, they’re stronger than Chuck Norris.integrate Astra so you dont look like everybody else (and your site loads faster).Even though you are starting out with the basics here, you ll be in a class of your own and you can build from there. Click here for Astra Get WooCommerce 2. BigCommerce (best WordPress eCommerce plugin for bigger businesses)Can boost your online product sales,… then you should check out BigCommerce.The first month is free, with the paid plans being:Standard: $359.40 per yearPlus: $863.40 per yearPro: $3,239.52Enterprise: Call the sales team for a quoteYes, it’s more expensive than my Walmart underwear, but the market is reacting positively, with big names such as Ben Jerry’s and Camelbak utilizing BigCommerce’s big features. See current BigCommerce pricing 3. Easy Digital Downloads (best wp eCommerce plugin for digital product sales)But do expect to open up your wallet. Sadly, there’s no free option, with Easy Digital Downloads’ pricing structure as follows (correct at time of writing):Personal Pass: $99 per yearExtended Pass: $199 per yearProfessional Pass: $299 per yearAll Access Pass: $499 per yearBefore you start to scoff at the pricing (I did to start with, too), know that EDD synergizes your website well with payment solutions such as PayPal and Stripe. Sure, many such processors aren’t free, but to use the best of these, you’re going to have to pay anyway.As with WooCommerce, Easy Digital Downloads is optimized for WordPress and not much else. This is both good and bad, but since I know many of you are WordPress fans â€" as am I â€" then you should be golden.There’s so much more to EDD than first appears on the surface, and it does go toe-to-toe with a WooCommerce website. If it were free, I’d probably rate it as the best WordPress eCommerce plugin online today.4. Ecwid (best eCommerce plugin for WordPress ease of use)Articles related to eCommerce WordPress plugins: Best WordPress plugins Google Sites vs WordPress

4 Books to Read While Waiting for the Twin Peaks Revival

4 Books to Read While Waiting for the Twin Peaks Revival via GIPHY As I’m sure that any Twin Peaks loving Rioters know, IT IS HAPPENING AGAIN: We know shooting has wrapped, but we don’t know exactly when we’ll be back at the Double R, the place where pies go when they die, drinking coffee that’s black as midnight on a moonless night. The closest we have to a release date is the “first-half to midyear, the early side of mid-year 2017”â€"which, for those of us who’ve been waiting for two decades, is maddeningly vague. But in the meantime, we’ve got books to tide us over! The Secret History of Twin Peaks, by Mark Frost I bought this book in two formats: physical and audio. On purpose, even! Which is a first for me. But I needed them both. NEEDED THEM. I bought the physical copy, because it looked so absolutely beautiful. And I haven’t been disappointed. It’s a dossier compiled by a mysterious figure known only as “The Archivist,” found in July of this year at an active crime sceneâ€"a crime scene that, the cover flap explains, is “classified three levels above top secret.” In the margins are notes from the FBI agent who has been assigned to read, analyse, and fact check itâ€"her initials, appropriately, are TP. I haven’t sat down and read it cover to cover yetâ€"it just doesn’t feel like that kind of bookâ€"but every time I open it, I find a treasure. In this spread, for instance, I found out what happened in the aftermath of the explosion at the Twin Peaks Savings and Loan at the end of Season Two: And, while  I hardly ever listen to audiobooksâ€"I’m such a visual listener that I can’t listen while driving because I START  seeing a mind’s eye movie and  STOP seeing the road, which is somewhat dangerousâ€"and while  the book’s format is so, so visually appealing, I needed the audiobook, too. NEEDED IT. Because, rather than one reader, there are manyâ€"including four actors from the original series: Kyle MacLachlan, Russ Tamblyn, Michael Horse, and David Patrick Kelly: I admit to nearly swooning out of my chair when Michael Horse’s part started. *heart eyes* Reflections: An Oral History of Twin Peaks, by Brad Dukes   THIS BOOK. If you’re a Twin Peaks person and you haven’t already read it, you are in for a huge, HUGE treat. It’s a collection of first-hand accountsâ€"stories about each other, about things that happened on set, about what it was like to work on one of the most iconic shows of the 1990sâ€"from the cast, creators, and crew. So many gems in this bookâ€"every single page has something on it that either makes my heart all fuzzy or makes me want to run around in gleeful circles. The Essential Wrapped In Plastic: Pathways to Twin Peaks, by John Thorne   A show that ran for a season and a half inspired a magazine that ran for thirteen years. Which says a lot about Twin Peaks, right? Anyway, this is a collection of essays and interviews that ran in the magazine, and that also includes a comprehensive episode guide, scripts of deleted scenes, and commentary from cast and crew and so on. Lots of goodies! The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer, by Jennifer Lynch This is Laura Palmer’s diary. The one that Harold Smith hid for her, the one in which she wrote  about Killer BOB, the one in which she told secrets about Ben Horne, the one that got all torn up and had to be reassembled. Hoo boy, we passed this book around on the school bus the same way that we passed Flowers in the Attic around. My middle schooler eyeballs POPPED. I own multiple copies of it, because I can just never seem to walk away from it when I spot it at yard sales. It might be a weird book of the heart, I guess, but here we are. Looking for even more? A Twin Peaks cookbook  just came out, so you could start practicing new dishes for next year’s viewing parties… or if youre feeling more highbrow, you could pre-order this one. (Lets be honestâ€"I know I’m going to end up buying  both.) Even more? DONT MIND IF I DO!: See this list of Twin Peaks-y comics, or this list of Twin Peaks-y YA books! Until sometime next year, thenâ€"if you need me Ill be out in the woods, looking for the White Lodge. Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

New York City Career Series COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New York City Career Series COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was composed by John Hughes, a second year MIA student studying Political and Economic Risk Analysis. _______________________ On February 18th SIPA held its annual New York City Career Series networking event at the Gabarron Foundation, a chic art gallery and cultural center in Murray Hill.   The event brought together first and second-year SIPA students interested in possible career opportunities in New York with over 100 alumni who work in the city and region.   The alumni represented a multitude of industries and sectors, coming from banking, the UN, non-profits, environmental consultancies, media companies and multinational corporations, to name a few. As attendants skirted through the crowd with trays of hors d’oeuvres and wine, students and alumni mingled around the room, stopping to speak with each other for a few minutes about careers and interests before moving on to a new conversation.   Students received a list of alumni attending beforehand, so many had already reached out to a few alumni and now had the opportunity to meet in person.   Others used the opportunity to learn about new fields they may not have thought of.   Regardless, students found that the alumni were all very approachable and eager to help, with many offering their business cards and an invitation for students to follow up to learn more about their organizations and fields. This event is just one indicator of the strong alumni-student bond at SIPA, a true strength of the program.   Whether students choose to attend events like this one or not, all have access to the alumni database.   There students can search thousands of alumni to find those in careers of interest to them.   An e-mail or phone call can easily lead to an informational interview and another person to add to the student’s network.   Though not all students necessarily get concrete job offers out of these efforts, many find that having access to such a wealth of dedicated, successful alumni certainly helps towards this goal.

The Importance of Accountability in the Army Essay examples

The Importance of Accountability Is so you know where everyone is so if you need a person for something you will know where to find them. It is also necessary to have accountability to make sure everyone in your unit is safe and so you make sure they are where they are supposed to be. You also want your unit to be on standby so they are ready for anything that may happen. It is also needed so nobody goes UA. When you have accountability it is easier to track down people if you were to need them for anything. Being accountable means being dependable, showing up to work and to appointments on time, meeting deadlines, being at the right place and at the right time and doing the right thing at the right time. It is also to see if everyone†¦show more content†¦There many reasons why accountability is an important part of business. Showing up on time is a very important thing when it comes to work because if you ever show up late that would be time lost from the work day or the ti me you lost you could have been working on something but because you showed up late that task was never completed on time as needed. When something is not done it affects everything in the organization. If one thing isn’t completed it affects all the other tasks like a chain reaction. Another reason accountability is needed is so you know where weapons are located. In leadership roles, accountability is the acknowledgment of responsibility for actions, decisions, and resulting consequences. Some of those consequences can be loss of pay, loss of rank, or loss of job. When you say you are going to get something done you are accountable of getting it done no matter what because you gave your word that you were going to get it done. Whenever you don’t keep your word it makes everyone think you are not reliable. Then none of your peers will come to you for help because you will not be able to complete the task. Consequences when you do something wrong could mean that you ca n lose your job or just get a warning. Whenever you do something wrong it is possible to correct your mistake if it is possible to make a correction. The ways you can make a mistake when getting accountability is by not having an up to date musterShow MoreRelatedAccountability - The importance of obligation with the Army.1598 Words   |  7 PagesAccountability Accountability can be described as the process of being held liable or responsible for an action or given task. Accountability goes hand in hand with being successful in any place of work. To be accountable would mean being willing to accept responsibility for ones actions. Being accountable shows moral discipline and portrays maturity. Accountability also correlates with knowing where a certain person resides currently or in the future. In the Army accountability represents organizationRead MoreImportance of Accountability in the Army Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesAccountability is important, because without it, theres no where to place the blame when mistakes occur. In fact, accountability covers more than just blameworthiness; responsibility, answerability, and liability also come into question when discussing the importance of accountability. The very application of the word, describes a system, in which actions, decisions, and policies are all accounted for (or: kept track of, recorded, and assessed and evaluated). Accountability can even extend intoRead MoreImportance or Accountability in the Us Army Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesAccountability (noun) Being responsible or liable for someone or something at the state of event and or situation. A leader takes charge and takes accountability for all those who fall under his or her leadership. 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As an NCO one of my main responsibilities is the accomplishment of my mission. Knowing where my soldiers and my equipment are will help me to succeed in accomplishing that mission. There are many things thatRead MoreAccountability1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthe reader of accountability, the duties of NCOs, and failure to report. Websters dictionary describes accountability as â€Å"the state of being accountable, liable, or answerable† and the DOD describes it as â€Å"The obligation imposed by law or lawful order or regulation on an officer or other person for keeping accurate record of property, documents, or funds. The person having this obligation may or may not have actual possession of the property, documents, or funds. Accountability is concerned primarily

Bis or Encore in French

The word bis in French has a few meanings. A bis could mean a musical encore at the end of a concert, it could be used to demonstrate a street address, or it could be used to describe a detour or diversion. Read below to read some examples. Definition and Examples (adv) - (music) repeat, again, encore; (address)  ½, a À la fin du concert, le groupe a jouà © deux bis - At the end of the concert, the group played two encores Il habite 43 bis, rue verte. - He lives at 43 ½ (or 43a) Green Streetun itinà ©raire bis - detour, diversion Homonym: bis (adj) - grayish-brown Pronunciation: [beess]

Some Theories of Child Rearing - 1665 Words

CHILD REAERING The different methods that parents form their childrens progress have been a usual basis of theorizing by researchers and by parents themselves. In the scientific perspective, a large amount of the empirical work connecting parental behavior to developmental products in children has been created by those who work in psychology, sociology and criminology. But added disciplines have given equal theories and techniques consist of historians, anthropologists and biological sciences (Macloed et al 2008). For instance, a finding from ethology has established the biological source and evolutionary meaning of the childs affection towards the parent, while studies in physiology, endocrinology and genetics have given great influenced in understanding of parenting and its influence on children. However, there are further pressing and practical motivations that motivating the recent concerns in this subject. The head in this rising subject concerning large and possibly rising amount of children with significant educational, social and health dilemmas, tied with a belief that varying the family setting may be a strong way of developing childrens lives and life chances (Barnes 1995). Some theories have been offered to explicate the psychological meaning of parent child relations and why they are greatly connected with childrens well-being. In the initial half of the twentieth century, learning on these wide theoretical points was erratic, but did not inhibit hardShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Neglect Cause Juvenile Delinquency1156 Words   |  5 PagesChild Abuse and Neglect cause Juvenile Delinquency Strain theory describes the idea that there are certain events and conditions in an individual’s life that are disliked and involve the inability to achieve goals, loss of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli (Brezina and Agnew). 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Managers Reducing Employee Stress - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1731 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Introduction Employee stress is becoming an increasing problem for many managers across the world to combat. It has escalated to such an extent that the World Health Organisation has declared occupational stress as a worldwide epidemic (Avey, et al., 2009, p. 677). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managers Reducing Employee Stress" essay for you Create order Furthermore, it can hold a number of negative impacts on the performance and profitability of a company, so managers should be consistently attempting to reduce the levels of employee stress in the workforce. This essay will define what exactly employee stress is and what the predominant factors are that are affecting its rise. Furthermore, an analysis will be conducted on the negative effects that employee stress can have on the workforce and company, and how managers should try and reduce the levels of employee stress in their workforce. Employee Stress tress can be defined as the physiological and psychological reaction, either consciously or subconsciously, to a perceived threat or undesirable condition beyond ones immediate capacity to cope (Chaing, et al., 2010, p. 26). Employee stress can have a number of negative effects on employee performance, with problems in health, increased accidents and burnouts being common issues for stressed out employees (Bernard Krupat, 1994). A variety of researchers attribute different factors to causing stress. These factors are commonly referred to as stressors. Colligan Higgins (2006) attributes technological change, global competitive pressures, toxic work environments and managerial bullying as the main components to an increase in employee stress. Furthermore, a study by Dahl (2010) heavily pins organisational change to the main factor that can impact on employee stress. It is thought that the majority of companies do not pay heed to the psychological affects that organisational c hange can have on employees, as they often focus on how the companys performance will be benefitted. Primarily, organisational change can result in firm failure (Haveman, 1992; Barnett Freeman, 2001). However, other theorists suggest that the emotional and psychological wellbeing of employees are potentially affected by organizational change (Dahl, 2010, p. 2). Although outdated, one of the most comprehensive frameworks that identify stressors is provided by Murphy (1995, p. 42). He lists thirteen key factors that attribute to an increase in employee stress, which include; physical environment, role conflict, role ambiguity, interpersonal conflict, job future ambiguity, job control, employment opportunities, work load, variance in work load, responsibilities, underutilisation, demands and shift work. Furthermore, he suggests that these factors can be affected by non-work factors such as domestic demands. However, these factors would generally be out of the control of management. Murphy concludes that all of these factors that cause employee stress can lead to job dissatisfaction, accidents, complaints, substance abuse or even more serious, illnesses. Although it seems that employee stress can only hold negative outcomes for a company, it has been found that it can provide a number of positive benefits. This can include increased creativity (Le Fevre, et al., 2003) and enhanced performance (Marino, 1997). However, despite the possible benefits that employee stress can hold, it also provides a plethora of more serious and negative effects. It is because of this negativity that managers must closely watch, and actively attempt to reduce employee stress. Reducing Employee Stress There are a variety of studies which outline a number of different ways in which a company can reduce employee stress. A study by Murphy (1995) outlines two significant ways in which to combat employee stress. These are: Employee Assistant Programmes (EAP): These programmes have existed in the workforce for over 70 years now, with their main focus to treat troubled employees in the workforce. However, as workplace stress got more and more attention, it became more about providing wellbeing and care for all employees in a workforce. The programmes have since been expanded to deal with more intense stress relating incidents, such as the loss of a fellow employee, with these called stressor-specific programmes. Although these programmes seem positive, they do have their downfalls. This is primarily the fact that it is hard for feedback to be related back to managers, and that the programmes do not analyse how the organisation may be affecting stress, but focus on employees personality or characteristics. Human Resource Management (HRM): The responsibilities of HRM can vary across different companies, but usually include the following; personnel management issues, performance appraisal, discrimination, team building and labour relations. Although not specific to employee stress, all of these areas can be attributing factors to employee stress levels. Furthermore, they act as an opposite to EAPs, as they act in relation to the organisation and not in relation to an employees personal traits or characteristics. The study goes on to conclude that the best way to manage employee stress is to combine both of these practices. This allows employee stress to be monitored from a personal level with the EAPs and an organisational level from HRM. Furthermore, the study by Avey, et.al.(2009) outlines a more modern approach on how managers can reduce employee stress. They call this approach the Emerging Positive Approach. This approach basically aims to focus on the positive side of things, highlighting employee strengths instead of focusing on their weaknesses. This can be called Positive Organisational Behaviour (POB), which is the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement (Luthans, 2002, p. 59). Although this approach doesnt specifically address employee stress, the nature of it helps reduce or even avoid it. As it seeks to highlight the strengths, it should increase performance of employees and allow them to work in an environment that is enjoyable to them. Instead of waiting until an employee is unhappy or stressed, this approach will actively try to combat the thirteen factors that Murphy defines as key stressors. The aforementioned approaches all rely on heavy involvement from internal or external forces. However, there are a number of smaller things that managers can do to try and maintain a happy workforce and reduce employee stress. These are outlined by (Hengst, 2015), and include: Support management: Management should be supporting their employees on all levels of the company hierarchy. Employee stress is obviously important to deter, but managers can also get stressed in the workplace. Maintaining support through every level of the organisation helps ensure that stress is not passed on from a manager to their employees or team. Little rewards: Giving little rewards to employees can help reduce employee stress significantly. This could be in the form of bonuses for reaching certain goals, or a quarterly trivial reward system that hands out achievements of certificates. This does not cost the organisation a lot of money, but will help reduce the levels of employee stress. Encourage fun: Although the workplace must maintain a serious atmosphere, there is no harm for encouraging employees to have fun. This can be organised after work, or during particularly slow times of business. Holding parties or events to encourage fun also provides an opportunity to build upon team-working and iron out any interpersonal issues. Healthy lifestyle: Employees should be trained to work in a safe manner, and to not be afraid to ask for support if needed. Looking after employee wellbeing is one of the most significant factors for reducing employee stress. Any workplace injuries will most likely cause stress to the individuals involved, but may also cause tension with other employees in the company. All of these factors do not need rigid implementation, but can be done throughout the year to maintain a positive work environment and reduce employee stress levels. They are all reliant on a manager being involved with their employees, and taking a genuine interest in maintaining employee wellbeing. Conclusion It becomes quickly apparent that employee stress can cause many issues for a company and an individual. The negative effects heavily outweigh the limited number of positive effects that it can hold. Although there are a number of external forces that can effect employee stress, a lot of responsibility is placed on managers on how to reduce levels of employee stress. One of the earliest methods was with the use of EAPs. However, this did not take into consideration how the organisation is affecting stress levels, and so a collaboration of EAPs and HRM is a more optimum method. Furthermore, as an EAP can be sourced externally, it reduces some of the responsibility on the manager to reduce employee stress levels, as they only need to monitor how HRM are handling any issues. Furthermore, the more modern approach to reducing employee stress is to stop it, before it can begin. This is shown through the emerging positive approach, as it encourages companies to maintain a positive at mosphere in the workplace, and deter employee stress before it can begin. Although there are a variety of approaches to managing or reducing employee stress, there is no quick fix. Managers should be constantly monitoring employee stress levels, and implementing consistent processes to help reduce it. Stress levels cannot be reduced by a one-time incentive, but must be slowly reduced over time by the help and support of the management team. Bibliography Avey, J. B., Luthans, F. Jensen, S. M., 2009. Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover.. Human Resource Management, 48(5), pp. 677-693. Barnett, W. P. Freeman, J., 2001. Too much of a good thing? product proliferation and organizational failure. Organization Science, 12(5), pp. 539-558. Bernard, L. C. Krupat, E., 1994. Health Pyschology: Biopsychosocial factors in health and illness. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Chaing, F., Birtch, T. A. Kwan, H. K., 2010. The moderating roles of job control and work-life balance practices on employee stress in the hotel and catering industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, Volume 29, pp. 25-32. Colligan, T. W. Higgins, E. M., 2006. Workplacestress etiology and consequences. Journal of Workplace Behavioural Health, 21(2), pp. 89-97. Dahl, M. S., 2010. Organizational Change and Employee Stress, Aalbarg: DRUID Academy. Haveman, H., 1992. Between a ro ck and a hard place: Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation, s.l.: Adminstrative Science Quarterly. Hengst, A., 2015. Reducing Workplace Stress. [Online] Available at: https://www.hrworld.com/features/reduce-workplace-stress/ Le Fevre, M., Matheny, J. Kolt, G. S., 2003. Eustress, distress, and interpretation in occupational stress. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7), pp. 726-744. Luthans, F., 2002. Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths.. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), pp. 57-72. Marino, S., 1997. The stress epidemic. Industry Week, 246(7), p. 14. Murphy, L. R., 1995. Managing job stress: An employee assistance/human resource management partnership. Personal Review, 24(1), pp. 41-50.

The Gunpowder Plot Treason in 17th Century England

The Gunpowder Plot was thought up and driven on by Robert Catesby, a man who combined an ambition unconstrained by doubt with a charisma powerful enough to convince others of his plans. By 1600, he had been wounded, arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London following the Essex revolt and had only avoided execution by charming Elizabeth and paying a  £3,000 fine. Rather than learn from the lucky escape, Catesby had not only continued plotting  but benefited from the reputation this gained him among other Catholic rebels. Catesbys Gunpowder Plot Historians have found the first hints of the Gunpowder Plot in a meeting in June 1603, when Thomas Percy – the good friend of Catesbys who engaged his daughter to Catesbys son - visited Robert, ranting about how he hated James I and wanted to kill him. This was the same Thomas Percy who had acted as a go-between for his employer, the Earl of Northumberland, and James VI of Scotland during Elizabeths reign and who had spread lies about James promise to protect Catholics. After calming Percy down, Catesby added that he was already thinking of an effective plot to remove James. These thoughts had evolved by October, when Catesby invited his cousin Thomas Wintour (now often spelled Winter) to a meeting. Thomas Wintour had worked for Catesby at least once before, during the last months of Queen Elizabeths life, when he traveled to Spain on a mission funded by Lord Monteagle and organized by Catesby, Francis Tresham, and Father Garnet. The plotters had wanted to arrange a Spanish invasion of England should the Catholic minority rise in rebellion, but Elizabeth died before anything was agreed and Spain made peace with James. Although Wintours mission failed, he did meet several à ©migrà © rebels, including a relation called Christopher Kit Wright and a soldier called Guy Fawkes. After a delay, Wintour answered Catesbys invite and they met in London together with Catesbys friend John Wright, the brother of Kit. It was here that Catesby first revealed to Wintour his plan – already known to John Wright - to free Catholic England without any foreign assistance by using gunpowder to blow up the Houses of Parliament on an opening day, when the King and his followers would be present. Having wiped out the monarch and government in one swift action, the plotters would seize either of the Kings two underage children – they would not be at Parliament – start a national Catholic uprising and form a new, pro-Catholic order around their puppet ruler. After a long discussion the initially hesitant Wintour agreed to help Catesby, but maintained that the Spanish could be persuaded to help by invading during the uprising. Catesby was cynical  but asked Wintour to travel to Spain and ask for help at the Spanish court, and while there, bring back some trustworthy help from among the à ©migrà ©s. In particular, Catesby had heard, perhaps from Wintour, of a soldier with mining skills called Guy Fawkes. (By 1605, after many years on the continent, Guy was known as Guido Fawkes, but history has remembered him by his original name). Thomas Wintour found no support from the Spanish government, but he did get high recommendations for Guy Fawkes from an English spymaster employed by the Spanish called Hugh Owen, and the commander of the à ©migrà © regiment, Sir William Stanley. Indeed, Stanley may have encouraged Guy Fawkes to work with Wintour, and the two returned to England towards the end of April 1604. On May 20, 1604, supposedly at Lambeth House in Greenwich, Catesby, Wintour, Wright and Fawkes gathered. Thomas Percy also attended, famously berating the others for inactivity upon his arrival: Shall we always, gentlemen, talk and never do anything? (cited from Haynes, The Gunpowder Plot, Sutton 1994, p. 54) He was told a plan was in the offing and the five agreed to meet in secret in a few days to take an oath, which they did at Mrs. Herberts Lodgings in Butchers Row. Having sworn to secrecy, they received mass from Father John Gerard, who was ignorant of the plan, before Catesby, Wintour, and Wright explained to Percy and Fawkes, for the first time, what they were planning. Details were then discussed. The first stage was to rent a house as close to the Houses of Parliament as possible. The plotters selected a group of rooms in a house next to the River Thames, enabling them to take gunpowder up via the river at night. Thomas Percy was chosen to take the rent in his own name because he suddenly, and wholly coincidentally, had a reason to attend court: the Earl of Northumberland, Percys employer, had been made Captain of the Gentlemens Pensioners, a sort of Royal Bodyguard, and he, in turn, appointed Percy as a member in Spring 1604. The rooms were owned by John Whynniard, Keeper of the Kings Wardrobe, and already being rented to Henry Ferrers, a noted recusant. The negotiations to take the rent proved difficult, only succeeding with help from people connected to Northumberland. A Cellar under Parliament The plotters were delayed from occupying their new rooms by some of the Commissioners James I had appointed to plan a union of England and Scotland: theyd moved in, and werent going until the King said so. To keep the initial momentum going, Robert Catesby hired rooms next to the Thames in Lambeth, opposite Whynniards block, and began stocking it with gunpowder, wood and related burning matter ready to be sailed over. Robert Keyes, a friend of Kit Wright, was sworn into the group to act as a watchman. The commission finally finished on December 6th and the plotters moved in swiftly  afterward. Quite what the plotters did in the house between December 1604 and March 1605 is a matter of debate. According to later confessions by Guy Fawkes and Thomas Wintour, the plotters were trying to tunnel underneath the Houses of Parliament, intending to pack their gunpowder into the end of this mine and detonate it there. Using dried food to  minimize  their comings and goings, all five plotters worked in the house but made slow progress because of the many feet of stone wall between them and Parliament. Many historians have argued that the tunnel was a government fiction invented to portray the plotters in an even worse light, but others are quite certain it existed. On the one hand, no trace of this tunnel was ever found and no one has ever adequately explained how they concealed the noise or the rubble, but on the other, theres no other plausible explanation for what else the plotters were doing in December given that Parliament had been scheduled for February 7th (it was postponed until October 3rd on Christmas Eve 1604). If they werent trying to attack it through a tunnel at this stage, what were they doing? They only hired the infamous cellar after Parliament had been delayed. The debate found between Gardiner (tunnel) and Gerard (no tunnel) in the early nineteenth century is echoed today by writers such as Haynes and Nicholls (tunnel) and Fraser (no tunnel) and there is little compromise, but it is entirely possible that a tunnel was started but swiftly abandoned because, even if all the tunnelling accounts were believed, the plotters acted entirely amateurishly, not even consulting maps of the area, and found the task impossible. During the period of alleged  tunneling,  Robert Keyes and his store of gunpowder were moved into the house and the plotters expanded in number. If you accept the tunnel story, the plotters expanded as they recruited extra help for  digging; if you dont, they expanded because their plans for action in both London and the Midlands needed more than six people. The truth is probably a mixture of the two. Kit Wright was sworn in a fortnight after Candlemas, Catesbys servant Thomas Bates sometime after that, and Robert Wintour and his brother in law, John Grant,  were  invited to a meeting of both Thomas Wintour and Catesby, where they were sworn in and the plot revealed. Grant, brother in law to the  Wintours  and owner of a house in the Midlands, agreed immediately. In contrast, Robert Winter protested hard, arguing that foreign aid was still essential, that their discovery was inevitable and that they would bring severe retribution down onto the English Catholics. However, Catesby charisma carried the day and Wintours fears were allayed. In late March, if we believe the  tunneling  accounts, Guy Fawkes was sent to scout the Houses of Parliament for the source of a disturbing noise. He discovered that the diggers were actually a  story  adrift, digging not under the Parliament rooms, but beneath a huge ground floor space which had once been a palace kitchen and which now formed a huge cellar beneath the House of Lords chamber. This cellar was basically part of Whynniards land and was rented to a coal merchant to store his wares, although the coal was now being emptied on command of the merchants new  widow. Either aching after weeks of digging or acting to a different plan, the plotters pursued the lease of this  ready-made  storage space. Thomas Percy initially tried to rent via Whynniard, and eventually worked through a complicated history of leases to secure the cellar on March  25,  1605. The gunpowder was moved in and completely hidden underneath firewood and other flammable material by Guy Fawkes. This stage complete, the plotters left London to wait for October. The only drawback to the cellar, which was ignored by the day to day activity of Parliament and thus a surprisingly effective hiding place, was damp, which reduced the effect of the gunpowder. Guy Fawkes appears to have anticipated this, as at least 1,500 kilograms of powder was removed by the government after November 5th. 500 kilograms would have been enough to demolish Parliament. The gunpowder cost the plotters roughly  £200 and, contrary to some accounts, did not have to be brought straight from the government: there were private manufacturers in England and the end of Anglo-Spanish conflict had left a glut. The Plotters Expand As the plotters waited for Parliament there were two pressures to add recruits. Robert Catesby was desperate for money: hed met most of the expenses himself and needed more to cover further rental fees, ships (Catesby paid for one to take Guy Fawkes to the Continent and then wait until he was ready to return) and supplies. Consequently, Catesby began targeting the wealthiest men within the plotters circles. Equally importantly, the plotters needed men to help with the second phase of their plan, the uprising, which needed horses, arms and bases in the Midlands, close to Coombe Abbey and the nine-year-old Princess Elizabeth. Stately, competent and not going to the opening of Parliament, she was considered by the plotters as a perfect puppet. They planned to abduct her, declare her Queen and then install a pro-Catholic Protector who, aided by the Catholic rising they believed this would trigger, would form a new, very un-Protestant government. The plotters also considered using Thomas Percy to seize the four-year-old Prince Charles from London and, as far as we can tell, never made a firm decision on either the puppet or the protector, preferring to decide as events unfolded. Catesby recruited three more key men. Ambrose Rookwood, a young, rich head of an old household and first cousin of Robert Keyes, became the eleventh main plotter when he joined on September 29th, allowing the conspirators access to his large stable. The twelfth was Francis Tresham, Catesbys cousin and one of the richest men he knew. Tresham had been involved in treason before, had helped Catesby organize Kit Wrights mission to Spain during Elizabeths life and had often promoted armed rebellion. Yet when Catesby told him of the plot on October 14th, Tresham reacted with alarm, considering it certain ruin. Bizarrely, at the same time as trying to talk Catesby out of the plot, he also pledged  £2,000 to help. An addiction to rebellion was by now often deeply engrained. Sir Everard Digby, a young man with a potentially wealthy future, pledged  £1,500 in  mid-October  after Catesby played on his religious convictions to overcome Digbys initial horror. Digby was also required to rent a house in the Midlands especially for the rising and provide a hunting party of men, probably to abduct the princess. Guy Fawkes traveled to the continent, where he told Hugh Owen and Robert Stanley of the plot and ensured they would be ready to aid in the aftermath. This should have caused a second leak because Captain William Turner, a double agent, had wormed his way into Owens employment. Turner met Guy Fawkes in the May of 1605 where they discussed the possibility of using a unit of Spanish soldiers waiting in Dover in the uprising; Turner was even told to wait in Dover and await Father Garnet who, after the uprising, would take the Captain to see Robert Catesby. Turner informed the English government of this but they didnt believe him. By  mid-October  1605, the main plotters began congregating in London, frequently dining together; Guy Fawkes returned and took charge of the cellar under the guise of John Johnson, a servant of Thomas Percy. A new problem arose at a meeting when Francis Tresham demanded they save certain Catholic Peers from the explosion. Tresham wanted to save his brothers in law, Lords Monteagle and Stourton, while other plotters feared for Lords Vaux, Montague, and Mordaunt. Thomas Percy was worried about the Earl of Northumberland. Robert Catesby allowed a discussion before making it clear that there would be no warning to anyone: he felt it was risky, and that most victims deserved death for their inactivity. That said, he may have warned Lord Montague on October 15th. Despite their best efforts, the plotters secret leaked out. Servants could not be stopped from discussing what their masters might be up to, and some of the plotters wives were now openly worried, asking each other where they might flee if their husbands brought Englands wrath down upon them. Equally, the necessities of prepare for an uprising - dropping hints, gathering arms and horses (many families grew suspicious by the sudden influx of mounts), making preparations – left a cloud of unanswered questions and suspicious activities. Many Catholics felt something was being planned, some – like Anne Vaux - had even guessed Parliament as the time and place, and the government, with its many spies had arrived at the same conclusions. Yet by  mid-October, Robert Cecil, Chief Minister and hub of all government intelligence, seems to have had no specific information about the plot, and no one to arrest, nor any idea that a cellar below Parliament was filled with gunpowder. Then something changed. Failure On Saturday 26th of October, Lord Monteagle, a Catholic who had escaped from his involvement in the Essex plot against Elizabeth with a fine and who was slowly integrating back into government  circles,  was dining at Hoxton House when an unknown man delivered a letter. It said (spelling and punctuation  has  been  modernized): My Lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift of your attendance at this Parliament; for God and man hath concurred to punish the wickedness of this time. And think not slightly of this advertisement, but retire yourself into your country [county] where you may expect the event in safety. For though there be no appearance of any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament; and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel is not to be condemned because it may do you good and can do you no harm; for the danger is passed as soon as you have burnt the letter. And I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of it, to whose holy protection I commend you.2 (Cited from Fraser,  The Gunpowder Plot, London 1996, p. 179-80) We dont know what the other diners thought, but Lord Monteagle rode immediately to Whitehall, where he found four of the kings most important advisors dining together, including Robert Cecil. Although one remarked that the Houses of Parliament were surrounded by many rooms which would need searching, the group decided to wait and get directions from the king when he returned from hunting.  James  I arrived back  at  London on October 31, where he read the letter and was reminded of his own fathers murder: in an explosion. Cecil had been warning the king for a while about the  rumors  of a plot, and the Monteagle letter was a perfect fillip for action. The plotters also  learned  of the Monteagle letter - Thomas Ward, the servant who had accepted the letter from the stranger, knew the Wright brothers – and they debated fleeing to the continent on the ship they had waiting for Guy Fawkes, who was to go abroad once he had lit the fuse. However, the conspirators took hope from the letters vague nature and lack of names and decided to continue as planned. Fawkes stayed with the powder, Thomas Percy and Wintour remained in London and Catesby and John Wright left to prepare Digby and the others for the rebellion. As for dealing with the leak, many of Catesbys group were convinced Francis Tresham had sent the letter and he narrowly avoided being harmed in a heated confrontation. On the afternoon of November 4th, with less than  twenty-four  hours to go, the Earl of Suffolk, Lord  Monteagle  and Thomas Whynniard inspected the rooms surrounding the Houses of Parliament. At one stage they found an unusually large pile of billets and faggots attended by a man who claimed to John Johnson, a servant of Thomas Percy; this was Guy Fawkes in disguise, and the pile concealed the gunpowder. Whynniard was able to confirm Percy as the leaseholder and the inspection moved on. However, later that day Whynniard is alleged to have wondered aloud why Percy would need so much fuel for the small rooms he rented. A second search was  organized, to be led by Sir Thomas Knyvett and accompanied by armed men. We dont know if they were deliberately targeting Percys cellar or just going on a more thorough exploration, but just before midnight Knyvett arrested Fawkes and, upon examining the pile of billets, found barrel after barrel of gunpowder. Fawkes was immediately taken before the king for examination and a warrant issued for Percy. Historians dont know who sent the Monteagle letter and its nature – anonymous, vague and mentioning no names – has allowed just about everyone involved to be named as a suspect. Francis Tresham is often mentioned, his motive being an attempt to warn Monteagle which went wrong, but he is usually ruled out by his deathbed  behavior: despite writing letters to try and earn forgiveness and protect his family, he made no mention of the letter which had made Monteagle a hero. The names of Anne Vaux or Father Garnet also arise, perhaps hoping Monteagle would look the other way – his many Catholic contacts – in an attempt to stop the plot. Two of the more convincing suspects are Robert Cecil, the Chief Minister and Monteagle himself. Cecil needed a way to draw out information about the stir he had only vague knowledge of, and knew Monteagle well enough to be sure he would present the letter to the government so as to aid his rehabilitation; he could also have arranged for the four Earls to be conveniently dining together. However, the letters author makes several veiled hints to an explosion. Monteagle could have sent the letter in an attempt to earn rewards, having  learned  of the plot through a warning by Francis Tresham. We are unlikely to ever know. Aftermath News of the arrest spread quickly throughout London and people lit bonfires – a traditional act - to celebrate the  treason  being thwarted. The plotters also heard, spread the news to each other and hastily left for the Midlands†¦apart from Francis Tresham, who seems to have been ignored. By the evening of November 5th the fleeing plotters had met up with those congregating for rebellion at Dunchurch, and at one stage around a hundred men were present. Unfortunately for them, many had only ever been told of the rebellion and were disgusted when they learned of the gunpowder plot; some left immediately, others slipped away throughout the evening. A discussion on what to do next saw the group leave for sources of weapons and a secure area: Catesby was convinced they could still stir the Catholics into an uprising. However, they  hemorrhaged  numbers as they  traveled, the less implicated men growing dispirited by what they found: scores of Catholics horrified at them, with few offering aid. They were less than forty by the days end. Back in London, Guy Fawkes had refused to speak about his companions. This staunch demeanor impressed the King, but he ordered Fawkes to be tortured on November 6th, and Fawkes was broken by November 7th. During the same period Sir John Popham, the Lord Chief Justice, raided the homes of every Catholic known to have suddenly left, including that of Ambrose Rookwood. He soon identified Catesby, Rookwood, and the Wright and Wintour brothers as suspects; Francis Tresham was also arrested. On Thursday 7th the fleeing plotters reached Holbeach House in Staffordshire, home of Stephen Littleton. Having discovering that an armed government force was close behind, they prepared for battle, but not before sending Littleton and Thomas Wintour to seek help from a neighboring Catholic relative; they were refused. Hearing this, Robert Wintour and Stephen Littleton fled together and Digby fled with a few servants. Meanwhile, Catesby tried to dry gunpowder in front of the fire; a stray spark caused an explosion which badly injured both him and John Wright. The government stormed the house later that day. Kit Wright, John Wright, Robert Catesby and Thomas Percy were all killed, while Thomas Wintour and Ambrose Rookwood were injured and captured. Digby was caught soon after. Robert Wintour and Littleton remained at large for several  weeks  but were eventually caught too. The captives were taken to the Tower of London and their houses were searched and plundered. The government inquiry soon spread to the arrest and questioning of many more suspects, including the plotters families, friends and even distant acquaintances: simply having met the conspirators at an unfortunate time or place led to interrogation. Lord Mordant, who had employed Robert Keyes and planned to be absent from Parliament, Lord Montague, who had employed Guy Fawkes over a decade before, and The Earl of Northumberland - Percys employer and patron - found themselves in the Tower. The trial of the main plotters began on January 6th, 1606, by which time Francis Tresham had already died in prison; all were found guilty (they were guilty, but these were show trials and the result was never in doubt). Digby, Grant, Robert Wintour, and Bates were hung, drawn and quartered on January 29th at St. Pauls Churchyard, while Thomas Wintour, Robert Keyes, Guy Fawkes and Ambrose Rookwood were similarly executed on January 30th at the Old Palace Yard Westminster. These were far from the only executions, as investigators slowly worked their way down through the tiers of supporters, men who had promised aid to the rebellion such as Stephen Littleton. Men with no real connections also suffered: Lord Mordant was fined  £6,666 and died in Fleet debtors’ prison in 1609, while the Earl of Northumberland was fined the colossal sum of  £30,000 and imprisoning him at the king’s leisure. He was freed in 1621. The plot provoked strong feelings and the majority of the nation reacted with horror at the sheer indiscriminate killing planned but, despite the fears of Francis Tresham and others, the Gunpowder Plot was not followed by a violent attack on the Catholics, from the government or the people; James even acknowledged that a few fanatics had been responsible. Admittedly Parliament – which finally met in 1606 – did introduce more laws against recusants, and the plot contributed to another Oath of Allegiance. But these actions were motivated as much by an existing need to appease Englands anti-Catholic majority and keep Catholic numbers low than revenge for the plot, and the laws were poorly enforced amongst Catholics loyal to the crown. Instead, the government used the trial to vilify the already illegal Jesuits. On January  21st,  1606, a Bill for an annual public thanksgiving was introduced into Parliament. It remained in force until 1859. The Thirteen Main Plotters With the exception of Guy Fawkes, who was recruited for his knowledge of sieges and explosives, the plotters were related to each other; indeed, the pressure of family ties  was important in the recruitment process. Interested readers should consult Antonia Frasers book The Gunpowder Plot, which contains family trees. The Original FiveRobert CatesbyJohn WrightThomas WintourThomas PercyGuido Guy Fawkes Recruited before April 1605 (when the Cellar was filled)Robert KeyesThomas BatesChristopher Kit WrightJohn GrantRobert Wintour Recruited after April 1605Ambrose RookwoodFrancis TreshamEverard Digby

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Legal Ethical and Regulatory Issues - 1479 Words

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Critique Of The Global Arena - 1583 Words

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